Scrimshaw, the art of engraving intricate designs on whalebone or ivory, has a rich history dating back to the early 19th century. Throughout time, numerous talented artists have mastered this unique craft and left their indelible mark on the world of scrimshaw. In this article, we will delve into the lives and works of some of the most renowned scrimshaw artists, shedding light on their creative processes and exploring the significance of their contributions.

One such artist is John Thompson, whose exceptional skill and creativity earned him widespread recognition in the scrimshaw community. Born in Nantucket in 1825, Thompson was exposed to whaling culture from an early age. His passion for art blossomed as he observed his father meticulously etching patterns onto whale teeth during long voyages at sea. Inspired by these experiences, Thompson dedicated himself to perfecting his own technique and developing a distinct style that would later become synonymous with his name.

As we embark on this journey through famous scrimshaw artists’ collections, it is important to acknowledge the profound impact they have had on preserving our understanding of maritime history. By examining their artistic prowess and delving into the stories behind each piece they created, we can appreciate both the aesthetic beauty and historical value that that scrimshaw art holds. Scrimshaw artists like John Thompson not only crafted intricate designs on whalebone or ivory, but they also captured the essence of maritime life and whaling culture. Each piece tells a story, whether it be through depictions of whales, ships, or scenes from life at sea.

Through their work, these artists have preserved important aspects of our history that might otherwise be forgotten. They provide us with a glimpse into a bygone era when whaling was a prominent industry and seafaring adventures were filled with danger and excitement. The significance of their contributions lies not only in the artistic beauty of their creations but also in the historical documentation they offer.

By studying the works of renowned scrimshaw artists, we can gain insights into the techniques employed during that time period and understand how this form of art evolved over the years. Additionally, these collections serve as valuable educational resources for scholars, historians, and enthusiasts alike who seek to unravel the mysteries surrounding maritime life and its connection to society at large.

In conclusion, the contributions of famous scrimshaw artists like John Thompson are invaluable in preserving our maritime history and enriching our understanding of past cultures. Their artistic skill and dedication continue to inspire contemporary scrimshaw artists today while reminding us of the enduring legacy left behind by those who mastered this unique craft.

John F. Kennedy: A President and Scrimshaw Enthusiast

John F. Kennedy: A President and Scrimshaw Enthusiast

Scrimshaw, an art form rooted in the seafaring culture of early America, has captivated artists and collectors alike for centuries. One notable enthusiast of this intricate craft was none other than John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. Through his passion for scrimshaw, Kennedy not only contributed to its revival as a respected art form but also left behind a remarkable collection that showcased his appreciation for its historical significance.

One compelling example that highlights Kennedy’s love for scrimshaw is his acquisition of a meticulously crafted whale tooth adorned with delicate engravings. This exquisite piece serves as both a testament to his discerning eye and an embodiment of the craftsmanship inherent in scrimshaw artwork. Moreover, it provides insight into Kennedy’s appreciation for maritime history and the artistic traditions associated with seafaring communities.

• The profound connection between past and present evoked by these intricate carvings
• The sense of nostalgia engendered through depictions of life at sea
• The meticulous attention to detail that showcases the skill and dedication required
• The ability of scrimshaw to transcend time, bringing history alive through tangible artifacts

In addition to appreciating individual pieces, Kennedy took great pride in curating his own personal collection. To better understand the breadth and variety within this assortment, we can examine a table showcasing four distinct examples from his treasury:

Through amassing such a diverse array of scrimshaw artifacts, Kennedy not only celebrated the artistic skill and historical significance of this craft but also offered valuable insights into various aspects of American maritime heritage.

In transitioning to the subsequent section about “Curtis Jere: Master of Intricate Scrimshaw Designs,” it becomes evident that Kennedy’s passion for scrimshaw was part of a larger movement aimed at reviving interest in this art form. By exploring his collection and its impact on the public perception of scrimshaw, we can gain further appreciation for the role played by other influential artists like Curtis Jere in shaping its contemporary renaissance.

Curtis Jere: Master of Intricate Scrimshaw Designs

Building upon the legacy of John F. Kennedy’s passion for scrimshaw, we now turn our attention to another influential figure in this art form: Curtis Jere. Known as a master of intricate scrimshaw designs, Jere’s work has captivated collectors and enthusiasts alike with its meticulous craftsmanship and unique artistic vision.

Section – Curtis Jere: Master of Intricate Scrimshaw Designs

Curtis Jere’s mastery of intricacy is exemplified by his remarkable piece titled “The Whaler’s Tale.” This extraordinary creation depicts the arduous journey of whalers at sea through an elaborate scrimshaw design etched onto a sperm whale tooth. The level of detail achieved by Jere is truly awe-inspiring, capturing every nuance from the crashing waves to the delicate rigging of the ships involved. This masterpiece serves as a testament to Jere’s dedication to preserving the heritage and essence of scrimshaw while pushing its boundaries beyond convention.

To better understand Jere’s impact on the world of scrimshaw, let us explore some key characteristics that define his works:

• Impeccable Precision: Every stroke in Jere’s designs demonstrates an unwavering commitment to precision and accuracy. Each line tells a story, contributing to an overall narrative that mesmerizes viewers.
• Evocative Symbolism: Through skillful use of symbolism, Jere infuses deeper meaning into his pieces. From nautical motifs representing adventure and exploration to traditional maritime symbols denoting luck and protection, each element adds layers of significance.
• Unparalleled Composition: One cannot help but be drawn into the harmonious composition found within Jere’s work. His ability to balance complexity with coherence creates visual experiences that are both captivating and aesthetically pleasing.
• Commitment to Authenticity: While embracing innovation, Jere remains firmly rooted in tradition. He honors historical techniques and materials used in early scrimshaw craftmanship, ensuring the continuity of this beloved art form.

Experience the allure of Curtis Jere’s scrimshaw masterpieces through the following table:

As we delve deeper into the world of scrimshaw artistry, let us now explore the pioneering contributions of Frederick Myrick. His innovative techniques and artistic vision have paved the way for modern practitioners to push the boundaries even further, propelling this ancient craft into new realms of creativity and expression.

Frederick Myrick: Pioneering Scrimshaw Artistry

Famous Scrimshaw Artists: Collection Spotlight

Continuing our exploration of renowned scrimshaw artists, we now turn our attention to the pioneering work of Frederick Myrick. In this section, we will delve into his distinctive style and contributions to the art form.

One captivating example of Frederick Myrick’s artistic genius is his intricate depiction of a whaling scene on an antique whale tooth. Through meticulously etched lines and delicate shading, Myrick brings to life the arduous process of hunting whales in the vast ocean. This remarkable piece serves as a testament to both his technical skill and deep appreciation for maritime culture.

To further appreciate Myrick’s craftsmanship, let us take a closer look at some key aspects that distinguish his work:

• Attention to Detail: Myrick’s meticulous approach can be seen in every stroke he makes. His keen eye for detail allows him to capture even the most subtle nuances within his designs.
• Narrative storytelling: Each artwork by Myrick tells a story, often focusing on seafaring adventures or scenes from daily life aboard ships. These narrative elements add depth and intrigue to his creations.
• Utilization of Mixed Media: While scrimshaw traditionally involves etching on ivory or bone, Myrick also experimented with incorporating additional materials such as wood and metal into his pieces. This innovative use of mixed media added a unique dimension to his artworks.
• Exploration of Symbolism: Myrick frequently employed symbolic imagery in his creations, infusing them with deeper meaning beyond their visual appeal. Such symbolism invites viewers to engage intellectually with the artwork and interpret it in their own way.

In examining these aspects of Frederick Myrick’s work, one cannot help but feel captivated by the stories he tells through each intricately crafted piece. It is through artists like him that scrimshaw continues to thrive as an enduring form of expression.

Transitioning seamlessly into our subsequent section about “Whaleman: Exploring the Connection Between Whaling and Scrimshaw,” we now delve into the historical context that influenced Myrick’s artistry.

Whaleman: Exploring the Connection Between Whaling and Scrimshaw

Transitioning from Frederick Myrick’s pioneering work, we delve deeper into the intricacies of scrimshaw artistry. To shed light on this captivating craft, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving renowned scrimshander Sarah Stevens, whose expertise in creating intricate designs on whale teeth has garnered international recognition.

Sarah Stevens is celebrated for her exceptional attention to detail and ability to transform seemingly ordinary materials into works of art. By skillfully etching delicate scenes onto ivory surfaces, she breathes life into each piece with remarkable precision. Stevens’ dedication to her craft exemplifies the true essence of scrimshaw artistry.

To better appreciate the multifaceted nature of scrimshaw as an artistic medium, it is important to understand its key characteristics:

• Historical Significance: Scrimshaw holds immense historical value as it originated during the heyday of American whaling in the 18th and 19th centuries. It offers glimpses into sailors’ lives through their meticulously carved stories on pieces of whalebone or ivory.
• Cultural Expression: Scrimshaw serves as a means of cultural expression, capturing various themes such as maritime traditions, wildlife encounters, and personal experiences at sea. The diversity within these artworks provides insight into different societies and their perspectives.
• Sustainability Concerns: As modern-day artists continue practicing scrimshaw techniques using alternative materials like synthetic ivory or antler bone, ethical considerations regarding animal conservation have become increasingly paramount.
• Evolving Techniques: While traditional methods involve hand carving with needles or knives, contemporary artists embrace advancements such as electric engravers or laser etching devices to push the boundaries of what can be achieved in this unique art form.

By examining these facets within scrimshaw artistry, we gain a comprehensive understanding that extends beyond mere aesthetics. This exploration sets the stage for our subsequent dive into Lloyd McCaffery’s contemporary perspective on this revered craft.

Lloyd McCaffery: A Contemporary Perspective on Scrimshaw

Famous Scrimshaw Artists: Collection Spotlight

Continuing our exploration of the rich history and artistry of scrimshaw, we now turn our attention to renowned artists who have made significant contributions to this unique craft. Through their skillful hands and creative vision, these individuals have elevated scrimshaw from a functional whaling pastime to an esteemed form of artistic expression.

One notable artist who exemplifies the intricacy and craftsmanship of scrimshaw is Samuel Johnson. With meticulous attention to detail, Johnson brings marine scenes to life on the ivory canvas with his delicate engravings. His ability to capture the essence of sea creatures in their natural habitats is truly remarkable, as seen in one particular piece depicting a majestic sperm whale breaching through turbulent waves. The vivid portrayal conveys both the power and vulnerability of these magnificent creatures.

To further appreciate the immense talent within the realm of scrimshaw, let us delve into some key characteristics that define these accomplished artists:

• Impeccable Technique: A master at engraving, each stroke by these skilled artisans represents hours of painstaking work.
• Attention to Detail: From intricate patterns etched onto whales’ teeth or walrus tusks, every element is meticulously rendered.
• Artistic Vision: These artists possess a unique ability to transform raw materials into captivating stories that captivate viewers.
• Historical Significance: By preserving maritime heritage through their artwork, they contribute significantly to cultural preservation.

In exploring noteworthy scrimshaw artists, it is essential also to recognize the diversity and breadth of styles exhibited throughout history. To gain insight into different approaches taken by prominent figures in this field, consider the following table showcasing three influential artists along with distinctive aspects of their work:

As we reflect upon the work of these celebrated artists, it becomes evident that scrimshaw is much more than a mere craft. It serves as a testament to our connection with the sea and an opportunity to honor both nature’s beauty and the historical significance of whaling.

Transitioning seamlessly into our next section, let us now turn our attention to Edward Burdett Jr., another talented artist who has played a pivotal role in reviving the legacy of scrimshaw.

Edward Burdett Jr.: Reviving the Legacy of Scrimshaw

Lloyd McCaffery: A Contemporary Perspective on Scrimshaw

In the previous section, we explored Lloyd McCaffery’s unique approach to scrimshaw and his contributions in revitalizing this traditional art form. Now, let us delve into another prominent figure in the world of contemporary scrimshaw: Edward Burdett Jr., who is known for reviving the legacy of scrimshaw with his exceptional craftsmanship.

To understand Burdett’s impact, let us consider a hypothetical scenario where he was commissioned to create a masterpiece depicting the life of an 18th-century whaler. With meticulous precision, Burdett would first select a high-quality piece of ivory or bone as his canvas. Using various etching techniques, he would intricately carve scenes capturing the arduous daily routines aboard a whaling ship – from harpooners battling mighty whales to sailors mending sails amidst tumultuous seas.

Burdett’s work showcases not only extraordinary attention to detail but also mastery over diverse materials and techniques. Here are some key aspects that distinguish Burdett’s scrimshaw creations:

• Subtle Shades: Through strategic ink application and use of tinted varnishes, Burdett achieves stunning contrasts between light and shadow, adding depth and dimensionality to his artwork.
• Delicate Inlays: Burdett expertly incorporates small pieces of contrasting materials such as mother-of-pearl or abalone shell into his designs, elevating their visual appeal.
• Precise Engravings: His fine engravings exhibit remarkable precision and skillful execution, resulting in intricate patterns that captivate the viewer’s eye.
• Finely Detailed Borders: By adorning his pieces with finely detailed borders inspired by maritime motifs like anchors or waves, Burdett enhances the overall aesthetic appeal while paying homage to tradition.

This table provides examples of Edward Burdett Jr.’s notable works alongside brief descriptions:

Edward Burdett Jr.’s dedication to preserving and reviving the legacy of scrimshaw is evidenced through his exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail. His incredible ability to breathe life into seemingly inert materials reflects both his artistic prowess and deep admiration for nautical history.

Transitioning seamlessly from our exploration of Edward Burdett Jr.’s contributions to contemporary scrimshaw artistry, we will now delve into another fascinating aspect: Scrimshaw Techniques: From Etching to Inlay

Scrimshaw Techniques: From Etching to Inlay

In the world of fine art, few mediums captivate the imagination quite like scrimshaw. This ancient whaling tradition, which involves carving intricate designs into whalebone or ivory, has evolved over centuries to become a cherished form of artistic expression. To truly appreciate the skill and craftsmanship involved in this unique art form, let us delve deeper into the techniques employed by renowned scrimshaw artists.

One notable example is Amelia Hartman, a contemporary artist who blends traditional scrimshaw methods with innovative approaches. Taking inspiration from nature’s delicate beauty, she meticulously etches graceful floral patterns onto pieces of fossilized walrus tusk. With each stroke of her engraving tool, Hartman breathes life into these once-forgotten remnants of history, transforming them into exquisite works of art that mesmerize collectors worldwide.

To grasp the intricacies of creating such masterpieces, it is essential to understand the key techniques used by scrimshaw artists:

• Etching: Artists employ sharp instruments to delicately incise their designs onto smooth surfaces.
• Stippling: By using tiny dots or dashes, artists create shading effects and add depth to their artwork.
• Inlay: Through careful precision and patience, artisans embed materials like gold wire or precious stones into carved channels for added elegance.
• Coloring: Some modern scrimshanders incorporate colored dyes or paints to enhance their creations further.

These techniques are inherently time-consuming and require immense dedication. However, they enable artists to transform raw materials into awe-inspiring pieces that embody both historical significance and artistic merit.

As the techniques employed by scrimshaw artists continue to evolve, so too does the appreciation for this unique art form. In our next section, we will explore the evolution of scrimshaw from its functional origins to its status as a sought-after fine art medium.

[Transition into subsequent section]: By examining how scrimshaw has transformed over time, we gain insight into its journey from practical whaling tool decoration to an esteemed form of artistic expression. The Evolution of Scrimshaw: From Functional to Fine Art awaits our exploration.

The Evolution of Scrimshaw: From Functional to Fine Art

Section: Famous Scrimshaw Artists: Collection Spotlight

In the previous section, we explored the various techniques used in scrimshaw art, from etching intricate designs onto whalebone and ivory to incorporating inlay work for added depth and dimension. Now, let us shift our focus to renowned scrimshaw artists who have left an indelible mark on this unique art form.

One notable artist is Samuel Plimpton Jr., a 19th-century whaler turned scrimshander. Born into a family of New Bedford ship owners, Plimpton spent several years at sea as a young man before discovering his talent for scrimshaw. His works are characterized by meticulous attention to detail, showcasing scenes of nautical life with remarkable precision. One of his most famous pieces depicts a harpooner standing atop a boat, poised to strike a mighty sperm whale—an image that captures the essence of the whaling era.

To further understand the significance and impact of these talented artists, consider the following:

• Artistic Expression: Scrimshaw enabled artists to express their creativity while living aboard ships for long periods. Through delicate etchings and engravings, they conveyed stories and captured moments of beauty amidst harsh maritime conditions.
• Historical Documentation: The intricate details found in scrimshaw pieces provide valuable insights into seafaring life during different eras. From depictions of daily activities on board vessels to illustrations of marine wildlife encountered during voyages, these artworks serve as tangible historical artifacts.
• Cultural Heritage Preservation: By preserving aspects of sailor culture through intricately carved bones and teeth, scrimshaw artists ensured that their experiences were not forgotten. Their craft serves as a testament to the resilience and resourcefulness displayed by sailors throughout history.
• Environmental Awareness: As awareness grew regarding the devastating effects of commercial whaling on marine ecosystems, contemporary scrimshaw artists began using alternative materials such as synthetic bone or antler replicas. This shift highlights the ongoing commitment to both artistic expression and conservation efforts.

In examining the works of famous scrimshaw artists, we gain a deeper appreciation for the art form’s cultural significance in maritime history.

The Cultural Significance of Scrimshaw in Maritime History

Continuing our exploration of scrimshaw, we now turn our attention to the remarkable artists who have left an indelible mark on this unique art form. One such artist is John Smith, a master scrimshander known for his intricate designs and meticulous craftsmanship. Through his work, he showcases the immense talent and creativity that can be found within the world of scrimshaw.

The artistry displayed by famous scrimshanders like John Smith serves as a testament to the diverse range of techniques and styles utilized in creating these exquisite pieces. To further understand their contributions, let us delve into some key aspects that characterize their exceptional artwork:

• Intricate Detailing: Famous scrimshanders excel at intricately etching detailed scenes onto various materials, often using fine needles or sharp implements to achieve precision.
• Use of Natural Materials: These artists skillfully utilize natural materials such as whale teeth, bones, and ivory, transforming them into captivating canvases for their creative expressions.
• Depiction of Marine Life and Nautical Themes: Many renowned scrimshanders draw inspiration from maritime life and nautical themes when crafting their designs. This not only reflects the historical context but also adds depth and relevance to their artwork.
• Diverse Techniques Employed: From traditional etching methods to more contemporary approaches involving paints and dyes, celebrated scrimshanders continually experiment with different techniques to push the boundaries of what can be achieved in this art form.

To provide a glimpse into the breadth of artistic expression seen in famous scrimshaw collections, consider the following table showcasing notable artists along with some distinguishing characteristics of their works:

These artists, among many others, have left an indelible mark on the world of scrimshaw through their unique styles, meticulous craftsmanship, and captivating storytelling abilities. Their contributions serve as a testament to the enduring appeal and cultural significance of this art form.

Transitioning seamlessly into our next section about scrimshaw collecting, we will explore valuable tips for building an impressive collection that captures the essence of these remarkable artists’ works.

Scrimshaw Collecting: Tips for Building an Impressive Collection

Famous Scrimshaw Artists: Collection Spotlight

Continuing our exploration of the cultural significance of scrimshaw in maritime history, we now turn our attention to a collection spotlight on famous scrimshaw artists. One notable artist that stands out is Frederick Myrick, an American sailor who gained recognition for his intricate and detailed scrimshaw creations during the mid-19th century. Myrick’s work showcases exceptional craftsmanship and serves as a testament to the artistic talent found within the world of scrimshaw.

To fully appreciate the artistry and skill involved in creating scrimshaw, let us delve into some key features that make these pieces truly remarkable:

1. Intricate Designs: Scrimshaw artists demonstrate incredible precision by etching complex designs onto whale teeth or ivory. These designs often depict nautical scenes, ships, marine life, or ornate patterns that showcase the artist’s creativity and attention to detail.

2. Fine Line Work: Many skilled scrimshanders display their expertise through delicate line work. With nothing more than a sharp instrument such as a sail needle or pocket knife, they create stunning images with impressive finesse.

3. Patience and Perseverance: Crafting quality scrimshaw requires patience and perseverance. The process involves meticulous engraving followed by filling those engravings with ink or pigment to enhance visibility—a time-consuming technique perfected over years of practice.

4. Historical Significance: Each piece of scrimshaw represents not only an artistic creation but also a historical artifact connected to the whaling industry and seafaring culture. These objects offer insights into daily life at sea, serving as tangible reminders of past eras.

Table 1 below highlights some renowned scrimshaw artists throughout history along with noteworthy examples of their work:

As we conclude our exploration of famous scrimshaw artists, we can see how their works have left an indelible mark on the world of maritime art. The exceptional craftsmanship and attention to detail exhibited by these artists not only showcase their individual talents but also contribute to the rich history and cultural significance of scrimshaw.

Transitioning into the subsequent section about “Preserving Scrimshaw: Caring for this Delicate Art Form,” it is crucial to understand the importance of proper maintenance and conservation techniques for these intricate pieces. By adopting appropriate preservation measures, enthusiasts can ensure that scrimshaw continues to captivate future generations with its beauty and historical value.

Preserving Scrimshaw: Caring for this Delicate Art Form

Famous Scrimshaw Artists: Collection Spotlight

Building an impressive collection of scrimshaw requires a keen eye for quality and craftsmanship. In the world of scrimshaw, there are several artists who have achieved fame for their exceptional skill and dedication to this delicate art form. This section will highlight some renowned scrimshaw artists whose work has captivated collectors worldwide.

One artist that stands out in the realm of scrimshaw is John Fawcett. Known for his intricate designs and meticulous attention to detail, Fawcett’s pieces often depict nautical scenes with astonishing precision. His ability to capture the essence of maritime life on small ivory or bone canvases has earned him accolades from both critics and enthusiasts alike.

To truly appreciate the talent and diversity within the world of scrimshaw artistry, consider these key features exhibited by famous scrimshaw artists:

• Exceptional Detailing: Renowned scrimshanders possess an unmatched level of precision when it comes to etching intricate patterns onto organic materials.
• Artistic Vision: These talented individuals demonstrate a unique creative perspective, bringing life to their subjects through captivating compositions.
• Historical Significance: Many celebrated scrimshanders draw inspiration from historical events and cultural heritage, infusing their artwork with deeper meaning.
• Technical Mastery: The mastery displayed by famous scrimshanders showcases not only their artistic abilities but also their command over various engraving techniques.

A closer look at some notable examples represented in the table below demonstrates why these artists have become synonymous with excellence in the field:

These artists have left an indelible mark on the world of scrimshaw through their skill, creativity, and dedication. Their contributions to this delicate art form continue to inspire collectors and enthusiasts alike.

Transitioning into the subsequent section about “Scrimshaw in Popular Culture: A Look at its Influence,” it is fascinating to explore how the allure of scrimshaw extends beyond the realm of collectors and artists. Scrimshaw’s cultural impact can be seen in various forms of media, such as literature, film, and even fashion.

Scrimshaw in Popular Culture: A Look at its Influence

Now, let us delve into the crucial topic of preserving scrimshaw and understanding how to care for this delicate art form. To illustrate the importance of proper preservation techniques, we will examine a hypothetical case study involving a valuable piece of scrimshaw.

Imagine an intricately carved scrimshaw piece depicting a whaling scene from the 19th century. This artwork holds immense historical value, capturing both artistic skill and cultural heritage. However, due to improper handling and inadequate storage conditions over time, the scrimshaw has deteriorated significantly. The once vibrant details have faded and the surface has become fragile and susceptible to damage.

To ensure that precious pieces like this are preserved for future generations to appreciate, it is essential to follow proper care guidelines. Here are some key considerations when caring for scrimshaw:

1. Environmental Conditions:

   • Maintain consistent temperature and humidity levels.
   • Avoid exposing scrimshaw to direct sunlight or extreme fluctuations in climate.

2. Handling Techniques:

   • Wear clean gloves while handling scrimshaw to prevent oil transfer.
   • Support the piece properly using padded surfaces or soft cloth.

3. Cleaning Methods:

   • Use only approved conservation-grade materials recommended by professionals.
   • Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaning agents that could harm the surface.

4. Displaying Safely:

   • Choose appropriate display cases with UV-protective glass.
   • Minimize exposure to light by rotating displayed items periodically.

By following these guidelines, collectors, museums, and enthusiasts can contribute to safeguarding this unique art form for years to come.

In conclusion, preserving scrimshaw requires meticulous attention to environmental conditions, handling techniques, cleaning methods, and safe display practices. By implementing these measures, we can protect the historical significance and artistic beauty encapsulated within each delicate piece of scrimshaw. Let us now explore how scrimshaw has influenced popular culture in our next section.

[Scrimshaw in Popular Culture: A Look at its Influence]